{"id":17344,"date":"2024-07-23T00:47:27","date_gmt":"2024-07-22T16:47:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/?page_id=17344"},"modified":"2026-09-18T18:19:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T10:19:02","slug":"citation-style","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/citation-style\/","title":{"rendered":"Academic Writing &#8211; Citation Style"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"usj-citation-page\">\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         HERO\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <header class=\"usj-citation-hero\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-citation-hero-inner\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-eyebrow\">\n                USJ Library \u00b7 Research Support\n            <\/div>\n\n            <h1 style=\"color:white;\">\n                \u5f15\u7528\u6307\u5357\n            <\/h1>\n\n            <p>\n                Learn how to cite sources, build references, manage your\n                bibliography, improve your academic writing, and choose\n                the appropriate citation style for your work.\n            <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/header>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         QUICK NAVIGATION\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <nav class=\"usj-quick-nav\" aria-label=\"Citation guide navigation\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-quick-nav-inner\">\n\n                <a href=\"#citation-styles\">\u6587\u737b\u5f15\u6587\u683c\u5f0f<\/a>\n\n                <a href=\"#apa\">APA<\/a>\n\n                <a href=\"#turabian\">Turabian \/ Chicago<\/a>\n\n                <a href=\"#reference-tools\">Reference Tools<\/a>\n\n                <a href=\"#research-methods\">Research Methods<\/a>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/nav>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         INTRO\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section class=\"usj-section\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    Start with the right citation style\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    USJ Library currently identifies APA as standard university citation style, with Turabian style particularly relevant to FRSP students. Always check your course, assignment, professor, or supervisor requirements before submitting your work.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div id=\"citation-styles\" class=\"usj-style-grid\">\n\n\n                <!-- APA -->\n\n                <article id=\"apa\" class=\"usj-style-card apa\">\n\n                    <span class=\"style-tag\">\n                        APA 7th Edition\n                    <\/span>\n\n                    <h3>\n                        APA Format\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        APA Style is widely used in psychology, education,\n                        social sciences, and related disciplines. APA uses\n                        an author-date system for in-text citations and a\n                        reference list.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <ul>\n                        <li>Author\u2013date in-text citation<\/li>\n                        <li>References listed alphabetically<\/li>\n                        <li>Use DOI or URL when appropriate<\/li>\n                        <li>Pay attention to dates, authors and titles<\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n\n                    <a class=\"usj-style-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/style\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                        APA Style Guide \u2192\n                    <\/a>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <!-- TURABIAN -->\n\n                <article id=\"turabian\" class=\"usj-style-card turabian\">\n\n                    <span class=\"style-tag\">\n                        Especially useful for FRSP\n                    <\/span>\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Turabian \/ Chicago\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Turabian is the student-oriented Chicago style commonly used for research papers, theses and dissertations. It provides both Notes &amp; Bibliography and Author-Date systems.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <ul>\n                        <li>Notes &amp; Bibliography system<\/li>\n                        <li>Author-Date system<\/li>\n                        <li>Footnotes or endnotes when required<\/li>\n                        <li>Bibliography or reference list<\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n\n                    <a class=\"usj-style-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/turabian\/citation-guide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                        Turabian Citation Guide \u2192\n                    <\/a>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-citation-notice\">\n\n                <p>\n                    <strong>FRSP students:<\/strong>\n                    USJ Library identifies Chicago as particularly relevant\n                    for FRSP students. Turabian provides student-focused\n                    Chicago-style guidance. Your professor or supervisor&#8217;s\n                    instructions take precedence when a specific style or\n                    citation system is required.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         CITATION FORMAT & SAMPLES\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section class=\"usj-section usj-format-section\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    Citation Formats &amp; Samples\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    Use these examples as a quick reference. Always verify\n                    the details of your source and consult the official\n                    style guide for unusual source types.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-format-tabs\">\n\n\n                <!-- APA EXAMPLES -->\n\n                <div class=\"usj-format-panel\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        APA 7 \u2014 Quick Examples\n                    <\/h3>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            \u66f8\u7c4d\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            Author, A. A. (Year). <em>Title of the book<\/em>.\n                            Publisher.\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            Journal Article\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            Author, A. A., &amp; Author, B. B. (Year).\n                            Title of article. <em>Title of Journal,\n                            12<\/em>(3), 100\u2013115.\n                            https:\/\/doi.org\/xxxxx\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            In-text citation\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            (Author, Year)\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            Direct quotation\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            (Author, Year, p. 25)\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n\n\n                <!-- TURABIAN EXAMPLES -->\n\n                <div class=\"usj-format-panel\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Turabian \u2014 Notes &amp; Bibliography\n                    <\/h3>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            Book \u2014 Footnote\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            1. Firstname Lastname, <em>Title of Book<\/em>\n                            (Publisher, Year), 25.\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            Book \u2014 Bibliography\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            Lastname, Firstname. <em>Title of Book<\/em>.\n                            Publisher, Year.\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            Journal Article \u2014 Footnote\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            1. Firstname Lastname, \u201cTitle of Article,\u201d\n                            <em>Journal Name<\/em> 12, no. 3 (Year): 100\u2013115.\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-format-item\">\n\n                        <span class=\"usj-format-label\">\n                            Author-Date alternative\n                        <\/span>\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-example\">\n                            (Lastname Year, 25)\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         COMMON SOURCE TYPES\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section class=\"usj-section\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    Common Citation Patterns\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    A quick comparison of how common academic sources\n                    are handled.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-table-wrap\">\n\n                <table class=\"usj-citation-table\">\n\n                    <thead>\n\n                        <tr>\n                            <th>\n                                Source\n                            <\/th>\n\n                            <th>\n                                APA \u2014 Basic Pattern\n                            <\/th>\n\n                            <th>\n                                Turabian \/ Chicago \u2014 Basic Pattern\n                            <\/th>\n                        <\/tr>\n\n                    <\/thead>\n\n                    <tbody>\n\n                        <tr>\n\n                            <td>\n                                <strong>\u66f8\u7c4d<\/strong>\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Author, A. A. (Year).\n                                <em>Title<\/em>. Publisher.\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Lastname, Firstname.\n                                <em>Title<\/em>. Publisher, Year.\n                            <\/td>\n\n                        <\/tr>\n\n\n                        <tr>\n\n                            <td>\n                                <strong>Journal article<\/strong>\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Author, A. A. (Year). Article title.\n                                <em>Journal, volume<\/em>(issue), pages.\n                                DOI\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Lastname, Firstname. \u201cArticle Title.\u201d\n                                <em>\u671f\u520a<\/em> volume, no. issue\n                                (Year): pages.\n                            <\/td>\n\n                        <\/tr>\n\n\n                        <tr>\n\n                            <td>\n                                <strong>Web page<\/strong>\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Author\/Organisation. (Year, Month Day).\n                                <em>Page title<\/em>. URL\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Author\/Organisation. \u201cPage Title.\u201d\n                                Website. Publication date. URL.\n                            <\/td>\n\n                        <\/tr>\n\n\n                        <tr>\n\n                            <td>\n                                <strong>Chapter<\/strong>\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title.\n                                In A. Editor (Ed.), <em>Book title<\/em>\n                                (pp. xx\u2013xx). Publisher.\n                            <\/td>\n\n                            <td>\n                                Author, Firstname. \u201cChapter Title.\u201d\n                                In <em>Book Title<\/em>, edited by\n                                Editor, xx\u2013xx. Publisher, Year.\n                            <\/td>\n\n                        <\/tr>\n\n                    <\/tbody>\n\n                <\/table>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         REFERENCE MANAGEMENT\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section id=\"reference-tools\" class=\"usj-section\" style=\"background:#fff;\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    \u5f15\u7528\u7ba1\u7406\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    Reference managers can help you collect sources,\n                    organise PDFs and metadata, insert citations, and\n                    generate bibliographies.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-tools-grid\">\n\n\n                <!-- ZOTERO -->\n\n                <article class=\"usj-tool-card\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-tool-top\">\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-tool-icon\">\n                            Z\n                        <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Zotero\n                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Collect and organise references, then insert\n                        citations and bibliographies directly into\n                        Microsoft Word, LibreOffice, or Google Docs.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <p>\n                        <strong>Useful for:<\/strong>\n                        APA, Turabian\/Chicago, and many other citation\n                        styles.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/zotero\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                        Visit Zotero \u2192\n                    <\/a>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <!-- MENDELEY -->\n\n                <article class=\"usj-tool-card\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-tool-top\">\n\n                        <div class=\"usj-tool-icon\">\n                            M\n                        <\/div>\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Mendeley\n                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Organise references and insert citations and\n                        bibliographies using Mendeley Cite in Microsoft\n                        Word.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <p>\n                        <strong>Useful for:<\/strong>\n                        Managing research literature and creating\n                        formatted references.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/mendeley-for-citation-management\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                        Visit Mendeley \u2192\n                    <\/a>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         WRITING & ORIGINALITY\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section class=\"usj-section\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    Writing &amp; Academic Integrity\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    Writing tools can support revision and originality\n                    checking, but they do not replace careful reading,\n                    accurate citation, or your own academic judgement.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-integrity\">\n\n\n                <!-- GRAMMARLY -->\n\n                <article class=\"usj-integrity-card grammar\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Grammarly &amp; Writing Tools\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Use writing-support tools to review grammar,\n                        spelling, clarity, tone, and other aspects of\n                        written English.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <ul>\n                        <li>Review grammar and spelling.<\/li>\n                        <li>Improve clarity and readability.<\/li>\n                        <li>Revise your own writing rather than replacing\n                            your academic voice.<\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n\n                    <a class=\"usj-integrity-button\" href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/grammarly\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                        Visit Grammarly \u2192\n                    <\/a>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <!-- TURNITIN -->\n\n                <article class=\"usj-integrity-card similarity\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Similarity &amp; Originality Checking\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        USJ Library provides access to originality and\n                        similarity-checking resources. Use these tools\n                        as part of responsible academic writing.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                    <ul>\n                        <li>Cite ideas, quotations and evidence correctly.<\/li>\n                        <li>Paraphrase genuinely in your own words.<\/li>\n                        <li>Check your references before submission.<\/li>\n                        <li>A similarity score should be interpreted in\n                            context rather than treated as a standalone\n                            measure of plagiarism.<\/li>\n                    <\/ul>\n\n                    <a class=\"usj-integrity-button\" href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/usj-library-similarity-check-service\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                        Similiarity Guide \u2192\n                    <\/a>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         RESEARCH METHODS\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section id=\"research-methods\" class=\"usj-section usj-method-section\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    Research Methods\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    Looking for reading material for your research\n                    methodology? Start with the Library&#8217;s curated\n                    research-method resources.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-method-grid\">\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-method-card\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Research Design\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Research questions, research design,\n                        methodology, theory, and planning a research\n                        project.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-method-card\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Quantitative Methods\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Surveys, sampling, experiments, quantitative\n                        data processing, statistics and SPSS.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-method-card\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Qualitative Methods\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Interviews, ethnography, qualitative analysis,\n                        coding, content analysis and grounded theory.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-method-card\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Mixed Methods\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches,\n                        triangulation and mixed-methods research design.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-method-card\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Case Studies\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Case-study design, theory development and\n                        action research.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-method-card\">\n\n                    <h3>\n                        Data Analysis\n                    <\/h3>\n\n                    <p>\n                        Statistical analysis, SPSS, qualitative data\n                        analysis and interpretation.\n                    <\/p>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:30px;\">\n\n                <a class=\"usj-style-button\" href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/academic-writing-suggested-reading-materials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                    Explore Research Method Reading List \u2192\n                <\/a>\n\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         SUGGESTED READING\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <section class=\"usj-section\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-container\">\n\n            <div class=\"usj-section-heading\">\n\n                <h2>\n                    Suggested Research-Method Reading\n                <\/h2>\n\n                <p>\n                    The USJ Library&#8217;s research-method bibliography includes\n                    resources selected for different stages and approaches\n                    to academic research.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-reading-list\">\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-reading-item\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-reading-label\">\n                        Foundation\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div>\n\n                        <strong>\n                            Cohen, Manion &amp; Morrison \u2014\n                            <em>\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5<\/em>\n                        <\/strong>\n\n                        <p>\n                            A broad research-method text covering research\n                            design, data collection, quantitative and\n                            qualitative approaches, and analysis.\n                        <\/p>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-reading-item\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-reading-label\">\n                        \u8a2d\u8a08\u5b78\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div>\n\n                        <strong>\n                            Creswell \u2014\n                            <em>Research Design<\/em>\n                        <\/strong>\n\n                        <p>\n                            Useful for understanding qualitative,\n                            quantitative and mixed-methods research\n                            designs.\n                        <\/p>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-reading-item\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-reading-label\">\n                        Research Design\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div>\n\n                        <strong>\n                            Gorard \u2014\n                            <em>Research Design: Creating Robust\n                            Approaches for the Social Sciences<\/em>\n                        <\/strong>\n\n                        <p>\n                            A practical resource for developing robust\n                            research designs in the social sciences.\n                        <\/p>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-reading-item\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-reading-label\">\n                        \u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div>\n\n                        <strong>\n                            Pallant \u2014\n                            <em>SPSS Survival Manual<\/em>\n                        <\/strong>\n\n                        <p>\n                            A practical introduction to statistical\n                            analysis using SPSS.\n                        <\/p>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n                <article class=\"usj-reading-item\">\n\n                    <div class=\"usj-reading-label\">\n                        Qualitative\n                    <\/div>\n\n                    <div>\n\n                        <strong>\n                            Creswell &amp; Plano Clark \u2014\n                            <em>Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods\n                            Research<\/em>\n                        <\/strong>\n\n                        <p>\n                            Useful when a research project combines\n                            qualitative and quantitative approaches.\n                        <\/p>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/article>\n\n\n            <\/div>\n\n\n            <div class=\"usj-citation-notice\">\n\n                <p>\n                    <strong>Recommended starting point:<\/strong>\n                    The Library&#8217;s research-method bibliography is organised\n                    into areas including general research methods, research\n                    questions, surveys and questionnaires, sampling,\n                    experiments, qualitative research, mixed methods,\n                    case studies, quantitative analysis, qualitative\n                    analysis, grounded theory, and research-project design.\n                <\/p>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================================\n         FOOTER\n         ====================================================== -->\n\n    <footer class=\"usj-citation-footer\">\n\n        <div class=\"usj-citation-footer-inner\">\n\n            <h2 style=\"color:white;\">\n                Need help with your citations?\n            <\/h2>\n\n            <p>\n                Ask the Library for help finding resources, checking\n                citation guidance, or getting started with your research.\n            <\/p>\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/instructions-workshops-training\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n                Schedule a Talk with Librarian \u2192\n            <\/a>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/footer>\n\n<\/div>\n<style class=\"advgb-styles-renderer\">\n\/* =========================================================\n   USJ LIBRARY\n   CITATION GUIDE\n   Responsive WordPress Custom HTML\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-citation-page {\n    --usj-blue: #153b6b;\n    --usj-blue-dark: #0d2a4d;\n    --usj-blue-light: #eaf1f9;\n    --usj-gold: #c99a3e;\n    --usj-gold-light: #f7f0df;\n    --usj-text: #263238;\n    --usj-muted: #64748b;\n    --usj-bg: #f6f8fb;\n    --usj-white: #ffffff;\n    --usj-border: #e3e8ef;\n    --usj-code: #f7f8fa;\n    --usj-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(21,59,107,.07);\n\n    font-family: inherit;\n    color: var(--usj-text);\n    background: var(--usj-bg);\n    line-height: 1.6;\n    width: 100%;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-page *,\n.usj-citation-page *::before,\n.usj-citation-page *::after {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   HERO\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-citation-hero {\n    position: relative;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    padding: clamp(60px, 8vw, 105px) 24px;\n    color: #fff;\n\n    background:\n        linear-gradient(\n            135deg,\n            rgba(13,42,77,.97),\n            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1.08;\n    font-weight: 800;\n    letter-spacing: -.025em;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-hero p {\n    max-width: 760px;\n    margin: 0;\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.88);\n    font-size: clamp(17px, 2vw, 20px);\n    line-height: 1.7;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   MAIN CONTAINER\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-container {\n    max-width: 1100px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 0 24px;\n}\n\n.usj-section {\n    padding: 65px 0;\n}\n\n.usj-section-heading {\n    max-width: 780px;\n    margin: 0 auto 38px;\n    text-align: center;\n}\n\n.usj-section-heading h2 {\n    margin: 0 0 12px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue);\n    font-size: clamp(28px, 4vw, 40px);\n    line-height: 1.2;\n}\n\n.usj-section-heading p {\n    margin: 0;\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 16px;\n    line-height: 1.75;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   QUICK NAVIGATION\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-quick-nav {\n    margin-top: -30px;\n    position: relative;\n    z-index: 5;\n}\n\n.usj-quick-nav-inner {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);\n    gap: 10px;\n    padding: 10px;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 14px;\n    background: #fff;\n    box-shadow: var(--usj-shadow);\n}\n\n.usj-quick-nav a {\n    display: block;\n    padding: 13px 10px;\n    border-radius: 9px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue) !important;\n    text-align: center;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    font-size: 13px;\n    font-weight: 750;\n    transition: .2s ease;\n}\n\n.usj-quick-nav a:hover {\n    background: var(--usj-blue-light);\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   STYLE CARDS\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-style-grid {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n    gap: 24px;\n}\n\n.usj-style-card {\n    position: relative;\n    padding: 32px;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 18px;\n    background: #fff;\n    box-shadow: var(--usj-shadow);\n}\n\n.usj-style-card.apa {\n    border-top: 5px solid var(--usj-blue);\n}\n\n.usj-style-card.turabian {\n    border-top: 5px solid var(--usj-gold);\n}\n\n.usj-style-card h3 {\n    margin: 0 0 9px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n    font-size: 28px;\n}\n\n.usj-style-card .style-tag {\n    display: inline-block;\n    margin-bottom: 17px;\n    padding: 5px 10px;\n    border-radius: 20px;\n    background: var(--usj-blue-light);\n    color: var(--usj-blue);\n    font-size: 11px;\n    font-weight: 800;\n    letter-spacing: .06em;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n\n.usj-style-card.turabian .style-tag {\n    background: var(--usj-gold-light);\n    color: #8c6825;\n}\n\n.usj-style-card p {\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 15px;\n}\n\n.usj-style-card ul {\n    margin: 18px 0 22px;\n    padding-left: 20px;\n}\n\n.usj-style-card li {\n    margin-bottom: 7px;\n}\n\n.usj-style-button {\n    display: inline-flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    min-height: 45px;\n    padding: 10px 17px;\n    border-radius: 8px;\n    background: var(--usj-blue);\n    color: #fff !important;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    font-size: 14px;\n    font-weight: 750;\n}\n\n.usj-style-button:hover {\n    background: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n}\n\n.usj-style-card.turabian .usj-style-button {\n    background: var(--usj-gold);\n}\n\n.usj-style-card.turabian .usj-style-button:hover {\n    background: #a77c2d;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   CITATION FORMAT\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-format-section {\n    background: #fff;\n    border-top: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n}\n\n.usj-format-tabs {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\n    gap: 18px;\n}\n\n.usj-format-panel {\n    padding: 28px;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 15px;\n    background: #fff;\n}\n\n.usj-format-panel h3 {\n    margin: 0 0 20px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue);\n    font-size: 22px;\n}\n\n.usj-format-item {\n    margin-bottom: 25px;\n}\n\n.usj-format-item:last-child {\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n}\n\n.usj-format-label {\n    display: block;\n    margin-bottom: 8px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n    font-size: 13px;\n    font-weight: 800;\n}\n\n.usj-example {\n    padding: 16px 18px;\n    border-left: 4px solid var(--usj-blue);\n    border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;\n    background: var(--usj-code);\n    color: #303942;\n    font-family: Georgia, \"Times New Roman\", serif;\n    font-size: 15px;\n    line-height: 1.65;\n    overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n\n.usj-example-note {\n    margin-top: 8px;\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 12px;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   CITATION TABLE\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-table-wrap {\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #fff;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-table {\n    width: 100%;\n    border-collapse: collapse;\n    min-width: 720px;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-table th,\n.usj-citation-table td {\n    padding: 14px 16px;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    text-align: left;\n    vertical-align: top;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-table th {\n    background: var(--usj-blue);\n    color: #fff;\n    font-size: 13px;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-table td {\n    font-size: 14px;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-table tr:last-child td {\n    border-bottom: 0;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-table code {\n    font-family: inherit;\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   REFERENCE MANAGEMENT\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-tools-grid {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\n    gap: 22px;\n}\n\n.usj-tool-card {\n    display: flex;\n    flex-direction: column;\n    padding: 28px;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 16px;\n    background: #fff;\n    box-shadow: var(--usj-shadow);\n}\n\n.usj-tool-top {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: 15px;\n    margin-bottom: 15px;\n}\n\n.usj-tool-icon {\n    width: 52px;\n    height: 52px;\n    display: grid;\n    place-items: center;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n    border-radius: 13px;\n    background: var(--usj-blue-light);\n    color: var(--usj-blue);\n    font-weight: 800;\n    font-size: 21px;\n}\n\n.usj-tool-card h3 {\n    margin: 0;\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n    font-size: 21px;\n}\n\n.usj-tool-card p {\n    margin: 0 0 18px;\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 14px;\n    line-height: 1.7;\n}\n\n.usj-tool-card a {\n    margin-top: auto;\n    color: var(--usj-blue) !important;\n    font-size: 14px;\n    font-weight: 750;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   WRITING \/ ORIGINALITY\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-integrity {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n    gap: 22px;\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card {\n    padding: 30px;\n    border-radius: 16px;\n    background: #fff;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card.grammar {\n    border-top: 4px solid var(--usj-blue);\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card.similarity {\n    border-top: 4px solid var(--usj-gold);\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card h3 {\n    margin: 0 0 10px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n    font-size: 23px;\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card p {\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 14px;\n    line-height: 1.7;\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card ul {\n    padding-left: 20px;\n    color: var(--usj-text);\n    font-size: 14px;\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card li {\n    margin-bottom: 7px;\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-button {\n    display: inline-block;\n    margin-top: 10px;\n    padding: 10px 16px;\n    border-radius: 8px;\n    background: var(--usj-blue);\n    color: #fff !important;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    font-size: 13px;\n    font-weight: 750;\n}\n\n.usj-integrity-card.similarity .usj-integrity-button {\n    background: var(--usj-gold);\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   RESEARCH METHODS\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-method-section {\n    background: #fff;\n    border-top: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n}\n\n.usj-method-grid {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\n    gap: 15px;\n}\n\n.usj-method-card {\n    padding: 22px;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 13px;\n    background: #fff;\n}\n\n.usj-method-card h3 {\n    margin: 0 0 8px;\n    color: var(--usj-blue);\n    font-size: 18px;\n}\n\n.usj-method-card p {\n    margin: 0;\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 13px;\n    line-height: 1.6;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   READING LIST\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-reading-list {\n    display: grid;\n    gap: 12px;\n}\n\n.usj-reading-item {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: 100px 1fr;\n    gap: 20px;\n    padding: 19px 20px;\n    border: 1px solid var(--usj-border);\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    background: #fff;\n}\n\n.usj-reading-label {\n    color: var(--usj-gold);\n    font-size: 12px;\n    font-weight: 800;\n    letter-spacing: .05em;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n\n.usj-reading-item strong {\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n}\n\n.usj-reading-item p {\n    margin: 4px 0 0;\n    color: var(--usj-muted);\n    font-size: 14px;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   NOTICE\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-citation-notice {\n    margin-top: 30px;\n    padding: 22px 25px;\n    border: 1px solid #eadfbe;\n    border-radius: 13px;\n    background: #fffaf0;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-notice strong {\n    color: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n}\n\n.usj-citation-notice p {\n    margin: 0;\n    color: #5e5645;\n    font-size: 14px;\n    line-height: 1.7;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   FOOTER\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n.usj-citation-footer {\n    padding: 55px 24px;\n    background: var(--usj-blue-dark);\n    color: #fff;\n    text-align: center;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-footer-inner {\n    max-width: 800px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-footer h2 {\n    margin: 0 0 12px;\n    color: #fff;\n    font-size: 29px;\n}\n\n.usj-citation-footer p {\n    margin: 0;\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.78);\n}\n\n.usj-citation-footer a {\n    display: inline-block;\n    margin-top: 20px;\n    color: #fff !important;\n    font-weight: 750;\n    text-decoration: underline;\n}\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   RESPONSIVE\n   ========================================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 900px) {\n    .usj-quick-nav-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\n    }\n\n    .usj-method-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\n    }\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 700px) {\n    .usj-style-grid,\n    .usj-format-tabs,\n    .usj-tools-grid,\n    .usj-integrity {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n    }\n\n    .usj-quick-nav-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\n    }\n\n    .usj-reading-item {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 5px;\n    }\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 480px) {\n    .usj-container {\n        padding-left: 18px;\n        padding-right: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .usj-citation-hero {\n        padding-left: 18px;\n        padding-right: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .usj-citation-hero h1 {\n        font-size: 36px;\n    }\n\n    .usj-quick-nav-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n    }\n\n    .usj-style-card,\n    .usj-format-panel,\n    .usj-tool-card,\n    .usj-integrity-card {\n        padding: 23px;\n    }\n\n    .usj-method-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n    }\n}\n<\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>USJ Library \u00b7 Research Support Citation Guide Learn how to cite sources, build references, manage your bibliography, improve your academic writing, and choose the appropriate citation style for your work. Citation Styles APA Turabian \/ Chicago Reference Tools Research Methods Start with the right citation style USJ Library currently identifies APA as standard university citation [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17344","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"coauthors":[],"author_meta":{"author_link":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/author\/emilychan\/","display_name":"emily chan"},"relative_dates":{"created":"Posted 2 \u5e74 ago","modified":"Updated 4 \u5929 ago"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Posted on 23 7 \u6708, 2024","modified":"Updated on 18 9 \u6708, 2026"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Posted on 23 7 \u6708, 2024 12:47 \u4e0a\u5348","modified":"Updated on 18 9 \u6708, 2026 6:19 \u4e0b\u5348"},"featured_img_caption":"","featured_img":false,"series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17344","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17344"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17344\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":465516,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17344\/revisions\/465516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}