{"id":434005,"date":"2026-08-24T17:23:49","date_gmt":"2026-08-24T09:23:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/?post_type=tnc_col_19837_item&#038;p=434005"},"modified":"2026-08-24T18:33:20","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T10:33:20","slug":"x-ray-machine-learning-classification-with-vgg-16-for-feature-extraction","status":"publish","type":"tnc_col_19837_item","link":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/scholarly-work-usj\/x-ray-machine-learning-classification-with-vgg-16-for-feature-extraction\/","title":{"rendered":"X-RAY MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFICATION WITH VGG-16 FOR FEATURE EXTRACTION"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC EVIDENCED THE NEED COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS TO ANALYZE MEDICAL IMAGES, SUCH AS CT AND MRI SCANS AND X-RAYS, TO ASSIST SPECIALISTS IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS. CAD SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE AT DETECTING COVID-19 IN CHEST X-RAY AND CT IMAGES, WITH SOME STUDIES REPORTING HIGH LEVELS OF ACCURACY AND SENSITIVITY. MOREOVER, IT CAN ALSO DETECT SOME DISEASES IN PATIENTS WHO MAY NOT HAVE SYMPTOMS, PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF THE VIRUS. THERE ARE SOME TYPES OF CAD SYSTEMS, SUCH AS MACHINE AND DEEP LEARNING-BASED AND TRANSFER LEARNING-BASED. THIS CHAPTER PROPOSES A PIPELINE FOR FEATURE EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COVID-19 IN X-RAY IMAGES USING TRANSFER LEARNING FOR FEATURE EXTRACTION WITH VGG-16 CNN AND MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFIERS. FIVE CLASSIFIERS WERE EVALUATED: ACCURACY, SPECIFICITY, SENSITIVITY, GEOMETRIC MEAN, AND AREA UNDER THE CURVE. THE SVM CLASSIFIER PRESENTED THE BEST PERFORMANCE METRICS FOR COVID-19 CLASSIFICATION, ACHIEVING 90% ACCURACY, 97.5% OF SPECIFICITY, 82.5% OF SENSITIVITY, 89.6% OF GEOMETRIC MEAN, AND 90% FOR THE AUC METRIC. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE NEAREST CENTROID (NC) CLASSIFIER PRESENTED POOR SENSITIVITY AND GEOMETRIC MEAN RESULTS, ACHIEVING 33.9% AND 54.07%, RESPECTIVELY.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","class_list":["post-434005","tnc_col_19837_item","type-tnc_col_19837_item","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","tnc_tax_19993-sdg-3-good-health-and-well-being","tnc_tax_19818-english","tnc_tax_19716-faculty-of-business-and-law","tnc_tax_19659-booksection"],"taxonomy_info":[],"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":[],"comment_info":0,"featured_img":false,"coauthors":[],"author_meta":{"author_link":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/author\/emilychan\/","display_name":"emily chan"},"relative_dates":{"created":"Posted 7 \u5929 ago","modified":"Updated 7 \u5929 ago"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Posted on 24 8 \u6708, 2026","modified":"Updated on 24 8 \u6708, 2026"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Posted on 24 8 \u6708, 2026 5:23 \u4e0b\u5348","modified":"Updated on 24 8 \u6708, 2026 6:33 \u4e0b\u5348"},"featured_img_caption":"","tax_additional":{"tnc_tax_19993":{"linked":["<a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/sdgs\/sdg-3-good-health-and-well-being\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being<\/a>"],"unlinked":["<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19993","name":"SDGs"},"tnc_tax_19818":{"linked":["<a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/language\/english\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">ENGLISH<\/a>"],"unlinked":["<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">ENGLISH<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19818","name":"LANGUAGE"},"tnc_tax_19716":{"linked":["<a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/faculty-research-unit\/faculty-of-business-and-law\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW<\/a>"],"unlinked":["<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19716","name":"FACULTY \/ RESEARCH UNIT"},"tnc_tax_19664":{"linked":[],"unlinked":[],"slug":"tnc_tax_19664","name":"SUBJECT"},"tnc_tax_19659":{"linked":["<a href=\"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/resource-type\/booksection\/\" class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">Book Section<\/a>"],"unlinked":["<span class=\"advgb-post-tax-term\">Book Section<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19659","name":"Document Type"}},"series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item\/434005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/tnc_col_19837_item"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=434005"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item\/434005\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":436452,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item\/434005\/revisions\/436452"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=434005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}