{"id":434010,"date":"2026-08-24T17:23:50","date_gmt":"2026-08-24T09:23:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/?post_type=tnc_col_19837_item&p=434010"},"modified":"2026-08-24T18:33:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T10:33:19","slug":"evaluation-of-ecg-non-linear-features-in-time-frequency-domain-for-the-discrimination-of-covid-19-severity-stages","status":"publish","type":"tnc_col_19837_item","link":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/scholarly-work-usj\/evaluation-of-ecg-non-linear-features-in-time-frequency-domain-for-the-discrimination-of-covid-19-severity-stages\/","title":{"rendered":"EVALUATION OF\u00a0ECG NON-LINEAR FEATURES IN\u00a0TIME-FREQUENCY DOMAIN FOR\u00a0THE\u00a0DISCRIMINATION OF\u00a0COVID-19 SEVERITY STAGES"},"content":{"rendered":"

IN 2020, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DECLARED THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 19 A GLOBAL PANDEMIC. WHILE DETECTING COVID-19 IS ESSENTIAL IN CONTROLLING THE DISEASE, PROGNOSIS PREDICTION IS CRUCIAL IN REDUCING DISEASE COMPLICATIONS AND PATIENT MORTALITY. FOR THAT, STANDARD PROTOCOLS CONSIDER ADOPTING MEDICAL IMAGING TOOLS TO ANALYZE CASES OF PNEUMONIA AND COMPLICATIONS. NEVERTHELESS, SOME PATIENTS DEVELOP DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS AND\/OR CANNOT BE MOVED TO A CT-SCAN ROOM. IN OTHER CASES, THE DEVICES ARE NOT AVAILABLE. THE ADOPTION OF AMBULATORY MONITORING EXAMINATIONS, SUCH AS ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG), CAN BE CONSIDERED A VIABLE TOOL TO ADDRESS THE PATIENT\u2019S CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITION AND TO ACT AS A PREDICTOR FOR FUTURE DISEASE OUTCOMES. IN THIS INVESTIGATION, TEN NON-LINEAR FEATURES\u00a0(ENERGY, APPROXIMATE ENTROPY, LOGARITHMIC ENTROPY, SHANNON ENTROPY, HURST EXPONENT, LYAPUNOV EXPONENT, HIGUCHI FRACTAL DIMENSION, KATZ FRACTAL DIMENSION, CORRELATION DIMENSION AND DETRENDED FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS) EXTRACTED FROM 2 ECG SIGNALS (COLLECTED FROM 2 DIFFERENT PATIENT\u2019S POSITIONS). WINDOWS OF 1 SECOND SEGMENTS IN 6 WAYS OF WINDOWING SIGNAL ANALYSIS CROPS WERE EVALUATED EMPLOYING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. THREE CATEGORIES OF OUTCOMES ARE CONSIDERED FOR THE PATIENT STATUS: LOW, MODERATE, AND SEVERE, AND FOUR COMBINATIONS FOR CLASSIFICATION SCENARIOS ARE TESTED: \u00a0(LOW VS. MODERATE, LOW VS. SEVERE, MODERATE VS. SEVERE) AND 1 MULTI-CLASS COMPARISON \u00a0(ALL VS. ALL)). THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT SOME STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT PARAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS WERE FOUND FOR ALL COMPARISONS. \u00a0(LOW VS. MODERATE\u2014APPROXIMATE ENTROPY P-VALUE = 0.0067 < 0.05, LOW VS. SEVERE\u2014CORRELATION DIMENSION P-VALUE = 0.0087 < 0.05, MODERATE VS. SEVERE\u2014CORRELATION DIMENSION P-VALUE = 0.0029 < 0.05, ALL VS. ALL\u2014CORRELATION DIMENSION P-VALUE = 0.0185 < 0.05. THE NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE TIME-FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION OF THE ECG SIGNAL CAN BE CONSIDERED A PROMISING TOOL FOR DESCRIBING AND DISTINGUISHING THE COVID-19 SEVERITY ACTIVITY ALONG ITS DIFFERENT STAGES.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","class_list":["post-434010","tnc_col_19837_item","type-tnc_col_19837_item","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","tnc_tax_19993-sdg-3-good-health-and-well-being","tnc_tax_19818-english","tnc_tax_19716-faculty-of-business-and-law","tnc_tax_19659-booksection"],"taxonomy_info":[],"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":[],"comment_info":0,"featured_img":false,"coauthors":[],"author_meta":{"author_link":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/author\/emilychan\/","display_name":"emily chan"},"relative_dates":{"created":"Posted 6 \u5929 ago","modified":"Updated 6 \u5929 ago"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Posted on 24 8 \u6708, 2026","modified":"Updated on 24 8 \u6708, 2026"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Posted on 24 8 \u6708, 2026 5:23 \u4e0b\u5348","modified":"Updated on 24 8 \u6708, 2026 6:33 \u4e0b\u5348"},"featured_img_caption":"","tax_additional":{"tnc_tax_19993":{"linked":["SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being<\/a>"],"unlinked":["SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19993","name":"SDGs"},"tnc_tax_19818":{"linked":["ENGLISH<\/a>"],"unlinked":["ENGLISH<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19818","name":"LANGUAGE"},"tnc_tax_19716":{"linked":["FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW<\/a>"],"unlinked":["FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND LAW<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19716","name":"FACULTY \/ RESEARCH UNIT"},"tnc_tax_19664":{"linked":[],"unlinked":[],"slug":"tnc_tax_19664","name":"SUBJECT"},"tnc_tax_19659":{"linked":["Book Section<\/a>"],"unlinked":["Book Section<\/span>"],"slug":"tnc_tax_19659","name":"Document Type"}},"series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item\/434010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/tnc_col_19837_item"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=434010"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item\/434010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":436442,"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tnc_col_19837_item\/434010\/revisions\/436442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.usj.edu.mo\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=434010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}