引用指南
Learn how to cite sources, build references, manage your bibliography, improve your academic writing, and choose the appropriate citation style for your work.
Start with the right citation style
USJ Library currently identifies APA as standard university citation style, with Turabian style particularly relevant to FRSP students. Always check your course, assignment, professor, or supervisor requirements before submitting your work.
APA Format
APA Style is widely used in psychology, education, social sciences, and related disciplines. APA uses an author-date system for in-text citations and a reference list.
- Author–date in-text citation
- References listed alphabetically
- Use DOI or URL when appropriate
- Pay attention to dates, authors and titles
Turabian / Chicago
Turabian is the student-oriented Chicago style commonly used for research papers, theses and dissertations. It provides both Notes & Bibliography and Author-Date systems.
- Notes & Bibliography system
- Author-Date system
- Footnotes or endnotes when required
- Bibliography or reference list
FRSP students: USJ Library identifies Chicago as particularly relevant for FRSP students. Turabian provides student-focused Chicago-style guidance. Your professor or supervisor’s instructions take precedence when a specific style or citation system is required.
Citation Formats & Samples
Use these examples as a quick reference. Always verify the details of your source and consult the official style guide for unusual source types.
APA 7 — Quick Examples
Turabian — Notes & Bibliography
Common Citation Patterns
A quick comparison of how common academic sources are handled.
| Source | APA — Basic Pattern | Turabian / Chicago — Basic Pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 書籍 | Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Publisher. | Lastname, Firstname. Title. Publisher, Year. |
| Journal article | Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal, volume(issue), pages. DOI | Lastname, Firstname. “Article Title.” 期刊 volume, no. issue (Year): pages. |
| Web page | Author/Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Page title. URL | Author/Organisation. “Page Title.” Website. Publication date. URL. |
| Chapter | Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. | Author, Firstname. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by Editor, xx–xx. Publisher, Year. |
引用管理
Reference managers can help you collect sources, organise PDFs and metadata, insert citations, and generate bibliographies.
Zotero
Collect and organise references, then insert citations and bibliographies directly into Microsoft Word, LibreOffice, or Google Docs.
Useful for: APA, Turabian/Chicago, and many other citation styles.
Visit Zotero →Mendeley
Organise references and insert citations and bibliographies using Mendeley Cite in Microsoft Word.
Useful for: Managing research literature and creating formatted references.
Visit Mendeley →Writing & Academic Integrity
Writing tools can support revision and originality checking, but they do not replace careful reading, accurate citation, or your own academic judgement.
Grammarly & Writing Tools
Use writing-support tools to review grammar, spelling, clarity, tone, and other aspects of written English.
- Review grammar and spelling.
- Improve clarity and readability.
- Revise your own writing rather than replacing your academic voice.
Similarity & Originality Checking
USJ Library provides access to originality and similarity-checking resources. Use these tools as part of responsible academic writing.
- Cite ideas, quotations and evidence correctly.
- Paraphrase genuinely in your own words.
- Check your references before submission.
- A similarity score should be interpreted in context rather than treated as a standalone measure of plagiarism.
Research Methods
Looking for reading material for your research methodology? Start with the Library’s curated research-method resources.
Research Design
Research questions, research design, methodology, theory, and planning a research project.
Quantitative Methods
Surveys, sampling, experiments, quantitative data processing, statistics and SPSS.
Qualitative Methods
Interviews, ethnography, qualitative analysis, coding, content analysis and grounded theory.
Mixed Methods
Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, triangulation and mixed-methods research design.
Case Studies
Case-study design, theory development and action research.
Data Analysis
Statistical analysis, SPSS, qualitative data analysis and interpretation.
Suggested Research-Method Reading
The USJ Library’s research-method bibliography includes resources selected for different stages and approaches to academic research.
A broad research-method text covering research design, data collection, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and analysis.
Useful for understanding qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods research designs.
A practical resource for developing robust research designs in the social sciences.
A practical introduction to statistical analysis using SPSS.
Useful when a research project combines qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Recommended starting point: The Library’s research-method bibliography is organised into areas including general research methods, research questions, surveys and questionnaires, sampling, experiments, qualitative research, mixed methods, case studies, quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, grounded theory, and research-project design.