DARWINISM, FREEMASONRY AND PRINT CULTURE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY OF THE MACANESE COLONIAL ELITES IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY

摘要

IN HIS MOST QUOTED STUDY IMAGINED COMMUNITIES, BENEDICT ANDERSON ARGUES THAT THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS AND THE RISE OF PRINT MEDIA CONTRIBUTED TO A TEXTUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE NATION AND NATIONALISM. HE STATES THAT ‘POPULAR’ PRINT CULTURE WAS ALSO CRUCIAL IN ITS CONTRIBUTION TO A GLOBAL EXCHANGE THAT WOULD HAVE REINFORCED THE IDEA OF AN ‘IMAGINED COMMUNITY’.1 ANDERSON FURTHER EXPLAINS THAT BEFORE THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, THE CONCEPT OF NATION WAS EXTENSIVE, AS LATIN WAS THE LANGUAGE OF A BROAD, VAST, IMAGINED COMMUNITY CALLED ‘CHRISTENDOM’, BUT AS THERE WERE CHANGES IN THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES, SUCH A CONCEPT BEGAN TO BE REPLACED BY FRENCH AND ENGLISH AS VERNACULAR LANGUAGES OF ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRALIZATION.2 THUS, PRINT CAPITALISM ALLIED TO THE BOOK MARKET SUPPORTED BY THE IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS AND THE EMERGENCE OF NEW AND DIVERSE FORMS OF NATIONAL LANGUAGES, ORIGINATED THE CREATION OF CLUSTERS OF SMALL CREOLE ‘IMAGINED POLITICAL COMMUNITIES’ THAT WERE EAGER TO PROMOTE NEW FORMS OF NATIONAL AND CULTURAL CONSCIOUSNESS, AIMED AT WIDESPREAD LITERACY THROUGH LIENS OF KINSHIP, ETHNICITY, FRATERNITY, AND POWER LOYALTIES.3 THIS CHAPTER POSITS THAT ANDERSON'S ARGUMENTS REGARDING CREOLE NATIONALISM IN THE NEW WORLD, FIT THE PARTICULAR CASE OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND BOOK-SELLING CULTURE AMONG A EURO-CREOLE BOURGEOISIE FROM MACAO WITH SOLID KINSHIP, ETHNIC, COMMERCIAL AND SOCIAL CONNECTIONS IN HONG KONG, CANTON, SHANGHAI AND OTHER LITTORAL SPACES IN THE TREATY PORTS IN EAST ASIA, AND TAKES THESE DEVELOPMENTS AS A NECESSARY POINT OF DEPARTURE. I ARGUE THAT THEY USED THE WIDESPREAD NATURE OF PRINT MEDIA TO EMPOWER THEMSELVES AND OTHER COMMUNITY MEMBERS WITH THE PROGRESSIVE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS ON RATIONAL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. THEY EMBRACED ATHEISM AND ANTI-CLERICALISM AS IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT, THUS PROMOTING SCIENTIFIC CULTURE, CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY OR REPUBLICAN FORMS OF GOVERNMENT, SOCIAL MOBILITY FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND RELIGIOUS AND INTELLECTUAL TOLERANCE THAT TO A CERTAIN EXTENT CHALLENGED THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND CONSERVATIVE CIRCLES.