THE EFFECT OF EMPATHY ON RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION IN YOUNG ADULT LOVERS IN MACAU: THE ROLE OF LOVE MAINTENANCE BEHAVIORS

ABSTRACT

THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE SMOKING BEHAVIOUR OF THE SMOKERS LIVING IN MACAO. I WAS PART OF THE 1ST GROUP OF DOCTORS TO HAVE CHOSEN TO INITIATE SMOKING CESSATION IN MACAU. IN ADDITION TO MY DIVERSE ACADEMIC BACKGROUND OF STUDY IN LAWS- A DISSERTATION ABOUT THE EFFECT OF TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAM IN MACAO (SUBMITTED IN 2011), A MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, AND FIVE YEARS OF WORKING EXPERIENCES AS AN INSPECTOR ASSISTANT OF TOBACCO, I HAD THE CONVICTION THAT I HAVE TO WRITE TO SHARE MY EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SMOKING CESSATION TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE FIELD OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY AS THERE IS LITTLE RESEARCH DATA CONCERNING SMOKING PREVALENCE AND DEMOGRAPHICS IN MACAO. THIS STUDY CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS – PART I PRESENTS THE QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTED BY A QUESTIONNAIRE-SURVEY OVER 1378 SMOKERS AND PART II QUALITATIVE DATA FROM SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS WITH 10 ADULT SMOKERS TO EXPLORE THEIR EXPERIENCES OF SMOKING AND SMOKING CESSATION IN MACAO. QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED WITH THE SPSS, WHILE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS WITH CODING AND THEME IDENTIFICATION BY FOLLOWING THE GROUNDED THEORY PROCEDURES. THE STUDY FOUND THAT ABOUT 85% SMOKER SURVEYED CONSUMED MORE THAN HALF A PACK OF CIGARETTE PER DAY AND ABOUT 31% REPORTED VARIOUS SYMPTOMS LIKE IRRITABILITY, FATIGUE, LOSS OF APPETITE AND DIFFICULTIES IN CONCENTRATION. THE QUALITATIVE STUDY HAS IDENTIFIED MAJOR POSITIVE FACTORS RELATED TO INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SMOKING CESSATION, NAMELY HEALTH CONCERNS, FINANCIAL CONCERNS AND FAMILY SUPPORT. MAJOR NEGATIVE FACTORS RELATED TO RELAPSE OF SMOKING ARE PEER INFLUENCES, SMOKING OF FAMILY MEMBERS, AND IMPACTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS. BASED ON FINDINGS OF THE STUDY, IT IS ARGUED THAT PREVENTIVE ANTI-SMOKING EDUCATION SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE. PROMOTION OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PREVENTIVE ANTI-SMOKING STRATEGIST AND POLICY IN MACAO ARE DISCUSSED. THE DATA COLLECTED INDICATE THE FACT THAT INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE PATHOLOGIES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AS A MOTIVATING FACTOR FOR CONTEMPLATING OR TAKING ACTIONS FOR SMOKING CESSATION. MOREOVER, FINANCIAL PROBLEMS, GENDER (MALE PREDOMINANTLY), MARRIED WITH FAMILY SUPPORT, HIGHER EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, WITHOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL DISEASES, BETTER ECONOMIC STATUS, LOWER NICOTINE DEPENDENT ARE PREDICTORS TO SUCCESS IN QUIT SMOKING. IT ALSO RAISES THE POSSIBLE NEED TO DEEPEN SOME EVALUATION PARAMETERS HITHER TO BE ONLY SUPERFICIALLY ADDRESSED. THEREFORE, AND BY LIMITATIONS INHERENT TO THE STUDY, THIS HYPOTHESIS NEEDS FURTHER INVESTIGATION. I ARGUE THAT NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS ALONE HAVE PROVEN TO BE EFFECTIVE IN THE SMOKING CESSATION PROCESS.   HOWEVER, IT IS ARGUED THAT THIS COMBINED WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY, IN PARTICULAR IN SPECIALIZED CONSULTATIONS, WOULD BE MORE EFFECTIVE AND CAPABLE IN INCREASING SUCCESS RATES IN SMOKING CESSATION