ABSTRACT

MACAO'S UNIQUE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT PRESENTS WORKING WOMEN WITH DISTINCT CHALLENGES. RECENT SURVEYS (MACAO STATISTICS AND CENSUS BUREAU, 2024) INDICATE THAT THE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE STANDS AT 65.7%, WITH OVER 70% OF WOMEN ALSO SERVING AS PRIMARY CAREGIVERS FOR THEIR FAMILIES. AMONG THESE, MORE THAN 20% MUST JUGGLE MULTIPLE RESPONSIBILITIES, INCLUDING WORK, FINANCIAL BURDENS, AND HOUSEHOLD CHORES. PARTICULARLY IN MACAU'S MAJOR INDUSTRIES SUCH AS GAMBLING, EMPLOYEES OFTEN WORK ROTATING SHIFTS, STAND FOR EXTENDED PERIODS, AND MUST MAINTAIN A HIGH LEVEL OF SERVICE ENTHUSIASM, WHICH IMPOSES ADDITIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. ACCORDING TO DATA FROM THE MACAU STATISTICS AND CENSUS BUREAU IN 2023, OVER 60% OF WORKING WOMEN IN MACAU ARE SUBJECT TO SHIFT WORK SYSTEMS, WITH NIGHT SHIFTS AND HOLIDAY SHIFTS BECOMING ROUTINE. THEY ALSO HAVE TO ENDURE NEGATIVE REACTIONS FROM SERVICE RECIPIENTS, LEADING TO INCREASED STRESS DUE TO ROLE CONFLICTS AND WORK ENVIRONMENT PRESSURES. SUPPORT SERVICES FOR WORKING WOMEN IN MACAU REMAIN INADEQUATE, AND RESEARCH ON THIS TOPIC IN MACAU IS INSUFFICIENT. THEREFORE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE RESEARCH VARIABLES OF WORKING WOMEN IN MACAU: THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF WORK STRESS (INCLUDING WORK PSYCHOLOGICAL LOAD, WORK CONTROL, AND EMPLOYMENT INSTABILITY), WELL-BEING, LIFE SATISFACTION, AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES (INCLUDING DEMOGRAPHIC MODERATOR VARIABLES AND WORK CHARACTERISTIC MODERATOR VARIABLES). THE STUDY SAMPLE CONSISTED OF 204 WORKING WOMEN FROM VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN MACAU WHO PARTICIPATED IN A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY. THE SAMPLE WAS OBTAINED THROUGH CONVENIENCE SAMPLING AND SNOWBALL SAMPLING, AND DATA WAS COLLECTED USING A SELF-DESIGNED QUESTIONNAIRE TITLED “STUDY ON WORK STRESS, HAPPINESS, AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG WORKING WOMEN IN MACAU,” WHICH INCLUDED SECTIONS ON “DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES,” “WORK FATIGUE SCALE-III WITH THREE SUBSCALES: WORK PSYCHOLOGICAL LOAD, WORK CONTROL, AND EMPLOYMENT INSTABILITY,” , “WHO-5,” AND “SWLS” TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION. THE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRES WERE ANALYZED USING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST, CHI-SQUARE TEST, CROSS-TABULATION, PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT, AND TUKEY'S POST-HOC TEST. THIS STUDY EXPLORED THE MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF WORK STRESS AND SHIFT WORK INFLUENCE WOMEN'S WELL-BEING AND LIFE SATISFACTION. THE STUDY FURTHER REVEALED DIFFERENCES AMONG DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS: HIGH-INCOME WOMEN HAD HIGHER LIFE SATISFACTION BUT RELATIVELY LOWER WELL-BEING, REFLECTING A DISCONNECT BETWEEN MATERIAL CONDITIONS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING; MARRIED WOMEN WITH CHILDREN WERE AT A DISADVANTAGE IN TERMS OF WORK CONTROL BUT MAINTAINED HIGHER OVERALL WELL-BEING DUE TO FAMILY SUPPORT AND ROLE DIVERSITY; HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN EXHIBIT A “HIGH STRESS-HIGH CONTROL-HIGH WELL-BEING” PATTERN, REFLECTING THE DUAL RETURNS OF EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENT; AND LOW-EDUCATED, LOW-INCOME, AND SHIFT-WORKING WOMEN ARE AT A DISADVANTAGE IN MULTIPLE ASPECTS, FACING HIGHER WORK-RELATED PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, LOWER AUTONOMY, AND GREATER JOB INSECURITY. IN RESPONSE TO THESE FINDINGS, THE STUDY PROPOSES A SERIES OF PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS AIMED AT ENHANCING WORKPLACE WELL-BEING FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS OF WOMEN THROUGH POLICY INTERVENTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT, THEREBY PROMOTING WORKPLACE EQUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH. 澳門獨特的經濟社會環境使職場女性面臨獨特的挑戰。近年調查顯示（澳門統計暨普查局，2024），女性勞動參與率高達65.7%，逾七成女性需同時承擔家庭主要照顧者角色，其中超過二成更需兼顧工作、經濟負擔及家務多重責任。尤其在博彩等澳門主要產業中，從業人員需頻繁輪班、長時間站立且維持服務熱情，為他們帶來額外的心理負擔。根據澳門統計暨普查局2023數據，澳門有超過60%的職場女性，輪班制度普遍，夜班與假日輪班成常態化，同時又需要承受服務對象的不良反應，對這種角色衝突及工作環境導致壓力劇增，澳門職場女性的支援服務仍存在不足，而且本澳對針對上述的研究未夠全面，因此，本研究目的是在探討澳門職場女性的研究變量：工作壓力的三個維度（包括：工作心理負荷、工作控制、就業不安定性）丶幸福感丶生活滿意度及人口變項（包括：人口學調節變量、工作特徵調節變量）之間的關聯如何相互影響。 研究對象為澳門不同行業204名的職場女性進行問卷調查。以方便取樣及滾雪球方式獲取研究樣本，並以自編「澳門職場女性的工作壓力、幸福感及生活滿意度研究問卷」，包括「人口變項」、「職場疲勞量表-中三個分量表：工作人理負荷、工作控制及就業不安定性」、「WHO-5」、「SWLS」等工具作數據收集。根據問卷回收的資料利用描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、獨立樣本T檢定、卡方檢定、交叉分析、皮爾遜積差相關和TUKEY事後檢定進行分析。 本研究探討了工作壓力的三個維度及輪班工作對女性幸福感與生活滿意度的影響機制。研究進一步揭示了不同人口統計群體之間的差異：高收入女性雖生活滿意度較高，但幸福感相對較低，反映物質條件與心理福祉之間的脫節；已婚已育女性雖在工作控制方面處於劣勢，但憑藉家庭支持與角色多樣性，其整體福祉仍較高；高學歷女性呈現“高壓力-高控制-高福祉”的模式，體現教育投資的雙重回報；而低學歷、低收入及輪班工作女性則在多方面處於不利地位，面臨更高的工作心理負荷、更低的自主性和更大的就業不安全感。針對上述發現，研究提出了一系列實踐建議，而這些建議旨在通過政策干預與組織支持，提升不同女性群體的職場福祉，促進職場平等與心理健康。