IMPROVEMENT OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN SINGING TEACHING IN JUNIOR MIDDLE SCHOOLS IN MACAU

ABSTRACT

SOURCE-BASED SUMMARY WRITING IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF ACADEMIC WRITING AT THE UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL; IT INCLUDES SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING WHEN PRODUCING TEXTS IN ESSAY, REPORT, OR THESIS FORMATS. FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WHOSE SECOND LANGUAGE OR FOREIGN LANGUAGE IS ENGLISH, SOURCE-BASED WRITING CAN BE A CHALLENGING TASK AS IT INVOLVES AND REQUIRES COMPLEX COGNITIVE PROCESSES AS WELL AS READING-AND-WRITING DEMANDS. ORGANIZED INTO THREE PHASES, THIS MIXED METHOD, SMALL-SCALE EXPLORATORY FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY INVESTIGATED: (I) CHALLENGES AND DIFFICULTIES IN ONLINE AND OFFLINE ENGLISH SOURCE-BASED SUMMARY WRITING OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN MACAO, IDENTIFYING THE COGNITIVE AND WRITING PROCESSES THEY EXPERIENCED IN A TIMED READING-WRITING TASK; AND (II) HOW TO DESIGN AND CONDUCT INTERVENTIONS THAT COULD BE USED TO DIAGNOSE, ASSESS, AND ADDRESS ESSAY CHALLENGES IN SOURCE-BASED SUMMARY ESSAY WRITING IN EVERYDAY CLASSROOM SESSIONS. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA WERE COLLECTED THROUGH A SUMMARY ONLINE WRITING ESSAY USING INPUTLOG, A KEYSTROKE LOGGING SOFTWARE, AND RETROSPECTIVE THINK-ALOUD PROTOCOL IN PHASE ONE, A SOURCE-BASED SUMMARY ESSAY WRITING TASK IN A QUASI-EXPERIMENT IN PHASE TWO, AND A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE AND ERROR ANALYSIS OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST ESSAYS OF THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS IN PHASE THREE. THE PROCESSES OF READING AND WRITING IN ENGLISH WERE FOUND TO BE CHALLENGING AND COMPLEX FOR EFL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TO PERFORM IN A LIMITED TIME. AS AN INITIAL EXPLORATORY FEASIBILITY, EFFICACY TRIAL, DELIBERATELY SMALL SCALE TO ADDRESS ISSUES OF RISK, THIS STUDY FOUND THAT THE DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND INTERVENTIONS HAD THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE THE SUMMARY WRITING PROCESSES AND PROFICIENCY OF EFL STUDENTS, FOCUSING ON THEIR COGNITIVE WRITING SKILLS IN EVERYDAY CLASS SESSIONS. THE THESIS RECOMMENDS SCALING UP THE RESEARCH IN FUTURE STUDIES, IN TERMS OF SAMPLING AND THE DURATION OF INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE SOURCE-BASED SUMMARY ESSAY WRITING AND THE COGNITIVE WRITING PROCESSES THAT ARE PART OF THIS